pcmag.comWe review products independently, but we may earn affiliate commissions from buying links on this page. Terms of use. Artificial intelligence has gotten so adept that it has forced a master of the strategy board game Go to retire from playing professionally. Lee Se-dol, who had previously played against Google's AlphaGo algorithm in 2016, said in an interview with Yonhap News that after "the debut of AI in Go games, I've realized that I'm not at the top even if I become the number one through frantic efforts. Even if I become the number one, there is an entity that cannot be defeated." In a series of five matches with AlphaGo, Lee defeated the program once, attributing it to a fault in AlphaGo's programming. The artificial intelligence won the first three matches, and then the final bout. Lee is not completely finished with the game, however. He plans to take on a South Korean artificial intelligence called HanDol next month, which has already defeated South Korea's top five players. Lee will be given an advantage in the first game, but is not confident about his chances. "Even with a two-stone advantage, I feel like I will lose the first game to HanDol. These days, I don't follow Go news. I wanted to play comfortably against HanDol as I have already retired, though I will do my best," Lee said. Artificial intelligences, such as AlphaGo, usually learn based on datasets. Google first trained AlphaGo based on a network of 30 million moves from human experts until it could reportedly predict what its opponent was most likely to do 57 percent of the time (the previous record being 44 percent). Google now has a new artificial intelligence that is even more sophisticated, called AlphaGo Zero, which learned by playing against itself repeatedly. When AlphaGo Zero faced its predecessor, which had bested Lee, it won all of the 100 games played. The game of Go has been played in China for 3,000 years and is significantly more complex than other games, such as chess. Players place white or black stones on a 19-by-19 grid, with the intention to dominate over 50 percent of the board and capture the opponents pieces. In a blog post from 2016, Google said that the number of moves possible in Go is "more than a googol times larger than chess (a number greater than there are atoms in the universe!)" At the time, it was predicted that artificially intelligent programs would not be able to surpass human players for another decade.

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